{"id":41,"date":"2022-05-06T15:36:58","date_gmt":"2022-05-06T13:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projects-stg.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/?page_id=41"},"modified":"2024-06-10T16:59:01","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T14:59:01","slug":"presentation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/?page_id=41","title":{"rendered":"Presentation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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ACICR V-P-HIST-01141-37. RSFSR, 1919.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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ACICR V-P-LB-D-00050-12. Liban, 1982.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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ACICR V-P-VN-E-00801. Ban M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9t, s.d.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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ACICR V-P-MZ-E-00011. Dar-es-Salaam, 1974.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Our project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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L\u2019objectif de notre projet consiste \u00e0 \u00e9tudier l\u2019impact de l\u2019apparition – en lien avec le communisme – de nouveaux types de conflits arm\u00e9s, de nouveaux types d\u2019acteurs et de victimes, sur les normes et les pratiques du Mouvement de la Croix-Rouge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans le cadre de ces conflits combinant des actions dites conventionnelles avec des op\u00e9rations de gu\u00e9rilla impliquant des acteurs civils et militaires, locaux et \u00e9trangers, il est presque impossible de distinguer, selon une typologie reconnue par tous, entre conflits internationaux, conflits arm\u00e9s de caract\u00e8re non internationaux, conflits internes, situations de trouble, etc. De plus, en d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant la ligne de front, par la mobilisation de l\u2019arri\u00e8re, en effa\u00e7ant la distinction entre combattants et civils, la lutte r\u00e9volutionnaire et la guerre civile ont provoqu\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9clatement de la notion classique de prisonnier de guerre prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par des droits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La p\u00e9riodisation du projet (1917-1991) proc\u00e8de d\u2019une histoire humanitaire de la Guerre froide qui trouve ses racines dans les op\u00e9rations d\u2019aide \u00e0 la Russie cons\u00e9cutive \u00e0 la guerre civile, alors que la borne sup\u00e9rieure nous permet d\u2019int\u00e9grer les guerres de la p\u00e9ninsule indochinoise et de la d\u00e9colonisation portugaise, ainsi que la r\u00e9unification des Croix-Rouge allemandes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En termes de sources, le projet, articulera trois niveaux d\u2019archives : celui du Comit\u00e9 international de la Croix-Rouge, celui de la Ligue des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, et enfin celui des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s nationales de la Croix-Rouge, afin d\u2019embrasser l\u2019ensemble du Mouvement Croix-Rouge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La recherche se d\u00e9cline en cinq axes de recherche, associ\u00e9s \u00e0 cinq espaces distincts, couvrant ainsi la plus grande partie du si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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The aim of our project is to study the impact of the emergence – in connection with communism – of new types of armed conflict, new types of actors and victims, and on the norms and practices of the Red Cross Movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the context of these conflicts, which combine so-called conventional actions with guerrilla operations involving local and foreign civilian and military actors, it is almost impossible to distinguish – according to a typology recognised by all – between international conflicts, armed conflicts of a non-international nature, internal conflicts, situations of disorder etc. Moreover, by shifting the front line, by mobilising the rearguard, by erasing the distinction between combatants and civilians, the revolutionary struggle and the civil war shattered the classical notion of a prisoner of war protected by rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The periodization of the project (1917-1991) proceeds from a humanitarian history of the Cold War that has its roots in the operations of aid to Russia following the civil war, while the upper limit allows us to integrate the wars of the Indochinese peninsula and the Portuguese decolonization, as well as the reunification of the German Red Crosses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In terms of sources, the project will articulate three levels of archives: the archives of the International Committee of the Red Cross, that of the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and finally that of the National Red Cross Societies, in order to encompass the entire Red Cross Movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research is divided into five case studies, associated with five distinct spaces, thus covering the greater part of the century.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Five case studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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  1. L\u2019Humanitaire en guerre civile (Russie 1917-1921)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    La guerre civile russe constitua le premier champ de confrontation des humanitaires avec les tourmentes r\u00e9volutionnaires. Prototype des \u00ab nouvelles guerres \u00bb, elle fut pour l\u2019ensemble du Mouvement Croix-Rouge \u2013 dans sa double dimension nationale et internationale \u2013 un dramatique laboratoire de l\u2019action humanitaire moderne, tant en termes de pratiques qu\u2019il fallut inventer dans l\u2019urgence, que de droit : il s\u2019agissait de codifier l\u2019extension du droit humanitaire international aux guerres civiles. Une question qui allait hanter le Mouvement Croix-Rouge pendant toute la p\u00e9riode de la Guerre civile et bien au-del\u00e0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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    1. Humanitarian Aid in Civil War (Russia 1917-1921)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      The Russian Civil War was the first time that humanitarians came face to face with the revolutionary turmoil. As a prototype of the ‘new wars’, it was a dramatic laboratory for the whole Red Cross Movement \u2013 in both its national and international dimensions \u2013 both in terms of practices that had to be urgently invented and in terms of the law: the aim was to standardise within international humanitarian law the extension of its field of intervention to civil wars.
      This question was to haunt the Red Cross Movement throughout the Civil War and well beyond.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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      1. Entre ind\u00e9pendance nationale et sovi\u00e9tisation : La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de la Croix-Rouge ukrainienne en 1918-1923<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        L’\u00e9tude de cas vise \u00e0 explorer l’\u00e9volution historique de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de la Croix-Rouge ukrainienne dans le contexte m\u00ealant lutte d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et guerre civile au d\u00e9but du 20e si\u00e8cle. Il sera \u00e9tudi\u00e9 par Antonina Skydanova (chercheuse senior). L’\u00e9tude pose la question de savoir comment la confrontation militaire et id\u00e9ologique entre les autorit\u00e9s sovi\u00e9tiques et le mouvement national ukrainien a affect\u00e9 la position institutionnelle de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de la Croix-Rouge ukrainienne et ses activit\u00e9s. Elle examine comment les dirigeants communistes, sortis victorieux de la lutte pour le pouvoir, ont int\u00e9gr\u00e9 la Croix-Rouge ukrainienne dans le syst\u00e8me sovi\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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        1. Between National Independence and Sovietisation: The Ukrainian Red Cross Society in 1918 \u2013 1923<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          The case aims to explore the historical evolution of the Ukrainian Red Cross Society within the context of the struggle between Ukrainian national and Soviet projects in the early 20th century. It will be studied by Antonina Skydanova (Senior Researcher). The study asks how the military and ideological confrontation between the Soviet authorities and the Ukrainian national movement affected the institutional position of the Ukrainian Red Cross Society and its activities. It examines how the communist leadership, having emerged victorious from the power struggle, integrated the Ukrainian Red Cross into the state system of Soviet Ukraine and the Soviet Union, subordinating it to the tasks of building socialism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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          1. Les Croix-Rouge allemandes en Guerre froide globale (1949-1989)<\/strong><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            Le second axe de recherche, qui prendra la forme d\u2019une th\u00e8se r\u00e9dig\u00e9e par Nicolas Constantin, est consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019aide humanitaire dans un contexte de Guerre froide globale. Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du cas des deux Allemagne, il \u00e9tudiera l\u2019alignement des Croix-Rouge allemandes sur leur r\u00e9gime respectif, leur r\u00e9insertion internationale dans les r\u00e9seaux de la diplomatie humanitaire, leur r\u00f4le dans les tensions interallemandes et, enfin, leurs projections au sein des espaces p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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            1. The German Red Crosses in the Global Cold War (1949-1989)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              The second case, which will take the form of a thesis written by Nicolas Constantin, is devoted to humanitarian aid in a global Cold War context. It will study the alignment of the German Red Crosses with their respective regimes, their international reintegration into the humanitarian diplomacy networks, their role in German-German tensions and, finally, their projections into the periphery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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              1. La Croix-Rouge dans les guerres de la P\u00e9ninsule indochinoise (1965-1979)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                Le 3e axe retracera l\u2019histoire des interventions humanitaires lors des guerres de la p\u00e9ninsule indochinoise. Il sera r\u00e9alis\u00e9 sous la forme d\u2019une th\u00e8se de doctorat par Marie Cugnet. A travers cette \u00e9tude, elle analysera les cons\u00e9quences en termes d\u2019application du droit international humanitaire de la polarisation politique qui structure l\u2019espace indochinois et les organisations humanitaires, tout en tenant compte des tensions internes au sein du Mouvement de la Croix-Rouge au sujet de la division du travail humanitaire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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                1. The Red Cross in the wars of the Indochinese Peninsula (1965-1979)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  The third axis will trace the history of humanitarian interventions in the wars of the Indochinese peninsula. As part of her doctoral research project, Marie Cugnet will analyse the political polarisation that structured the Indochinese area and humanitarian organisations. She will examine how this polarization, in addition to internal tensions over the division of humanitarian responsibilities, impacted the Red Cross Movement\u2019s implementation of
                  international humanitarian law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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                  1. La Croix-Rouge et les mouvements marxistes de lib\u00e9ration nationale en Afrique australe (1961-1975)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                    Consacr\u00e9e aux relations entretenues par la Croix-Rouge internationale avec les mouvements de lib\u00e9ration nationale en Afrique australe, la recherche r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Marie-Luce Desgrandchamps (chercheuse senior) questionnera l\u2019impact de l\u2019orientation marxiste de certains de ces mouvements politiques arm\u00e9s sur la protection des prisonniers, l\u2019assistance m\u00e9dicale et mat\u00e9rielle, ainsi que leur \u00e9ventuelle inclusion au sein du Mouvement de la Croix-Rouge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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                    1. The Red Cross and the Marxist national liberation movements in Southern Africa<\/strong> (1961-1975)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                      The fourth case study is dedicated to the national liberation movements in southern Africa. Marie-Luce Desgrandchamps (senior researcher) will study how the Marxist orientation of some of these armed political movements impacted on the protection of prisoners, medical and material assistance, and their relationships with the Red Cross Movement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

                      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      Our project L\u2019objectif de notre projet consiste \u00e0 \u00e9tudier l\u2019impact de l\u2019apparition – en lien avec le communisme – de nouveaux types […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/page_fullwidth.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=41"}],"version-history":[{"count":58,"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":821,"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions\/821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/projects.unifr.ch\/redcross-redstar\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=41"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}